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R​EFERENCES

Data used

Bamminger, C., Marschner, B., & Jüschke, E. (2014). An incubation study on the stability and biological effects of pyrogenic and hydrothermal biochar in two soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 65(1), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12074

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Calvelo Pereira, R., Hedley, M., Camps Arbestain, M., Wisnubroto, E., Green, S., Saggar, S., Kusumo, B. H., & Mahmud, A. F. (2016). Net changes of soil C stocks in two grassland soils 26 months after simulated pasture renovation including biochar addition. GCB Bioenergy, 8(3), 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12271

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Case, S. D. C., McNamara, N. P., Reay, D. S., & Whitaker, J. (2012). The effect of biochar addition on N2O and CO2 emissions from a sandy loam soil – The role of soil aeration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 51, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.03.017

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Chen, J., Kim, H., & Yoo, G. (2015). Effects of Biochar Addition on CO2 and N2O Emissions following Fertilizer Application to a Cultivated Grassland Soil. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0126841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126841

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Fungo, B., Lehmann, J., Kalbitz, K., Tenywa, M., Thionģo, M., & Neufeldt, H. (2017). Emissions intensity and carbon stocks of a tropical Ultisol after amendment with Tithonia green manure, urea and biochar. Field Crops Research, 209, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.05.013

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Ge, X., Cao, Y., Zhou, B., Wang, X., Yang, Z., & Li, M.-H. (2019). Biochar addition increases subsurface soil microbial biomass but has limited effects on soil CO2 emissions in subtropical moso bamboo plantations. Applied Soil Ecology, 142, 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.04.021

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Grau‐Andrés, R., Pingree, M. R. A., Öquist, M. G., Wardle, D. A., Nilsson, M., & Gundale, M. J. (2021). Biochar increases tree biomass in a managed boreal forest, but does not alter N2O, CH4, and CO2 emissions. GCB Bioenergy, 13(8), 1329–1342. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12864

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Li, J., Zhao, Y., Shao, X., Huang, D., Shang, J., Li, H., He, Y., & Liu, K. (2021). The Mixed Addition of Biochar and Nitrogen Improves Soil Properties and Microbial Structure of Moderate–Severe Degraded Alpine Grassland in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.765041

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Lu, Y., Silveira, M. L., Cavigelli, M., O’Connor, G. A., Vendramini, J. M. B., Erickson, J. E., & Li, Y. C. (2020). Biochar impacts on nutrient dynamics in a subtropical grassland soil: 2. Greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 49(5), 1421–1434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20141

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Sarkhot, D. V., Berhe, A. A., & Ghezzehei, T. A. (2012). Impact of Biochar Enriched with Dairy Manure Effluent on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41(4), 1107–1114. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0123

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Schimmelpfennig, S., Müller, C., Grünhage, L., Koch, C., & Kammann, C. (2014). Biochar, hydrochar and uncarbonized feedstock application to permanent grassland—Effects on greenhouse gas emissions and plant growth. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 191, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.027

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Ulyett, J., Sakrabani, R., Kibblewhite, M., & Hann, M. (2014). Impact of biochar addition on water retention, nitrification and carbon dioxide evolution from two sandy loam soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 65(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12081

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Ventura, M., Alberti, G., Viger, M., Jenkins, J. R., Girardin, C., Baronti, S., Zaldei, A., Taylor, G., Rumpel, C., Miglietta, F., & Tonon, G. (2015). Biochar mineralization and priming effect on <scp>SOM</scp> decomposition in two European short rotation coppices. GCB Bioenergy, 7(5), 1150–1160. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12219

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Wang, J., Pan, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., & Xiong, Z. (2012). Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on greenhouse gas emissions and crop production. Plant and Soil, 360(1–2), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1250-3

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Xu, L., Fang, H., Deng, X., Ying, J., Lv, W., Shi, Y., Zhou, G., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Biochar application increased ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity in a Moso bamboo forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 475, 118447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118447

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Yang, S., Jiang, Z., Sun, X., Ding, J., & Xu, J. (2018). Effects of Biochar Amendment on CO2 Emissions from Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112580

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Zhang, A., Bian, R., Hussain, Q., Li, L., Pan, G., Zheng, J., Zhang, X., & Zheng, J. (2013). Change in net global warming potential of a rice–wheat cropping system with biochar soil amendment in a rice paddy from China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 173, 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.001

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Zhang, A., Bian, R., Pan, G., Cui, L., Hussain, Q., Li, L., Zheng, J., Zheng, J., Zhang, X., Han, X., & Yu, X. (2012). Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality, crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: A field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles. Field Crops Research, 127, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.020

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Zhang, A., Liu, Y., Pan, G., Hussain, Q., Li, L., Zheng, J., & Zhang, X. (2012). Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain. Plant and Soil, 351(1–2), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0957-x

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Zhang, M., Hou, R., Li, T., Fu, Q., Zhang, S., Su, A., Xue, P., & Yang, X. (2022). Study of soil nitrogen cycling processes based on the 15N isotope tracking technique in the black soil areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 375, 134173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134173

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Zhao, P., Palviainen, M., Köster, K., Berninger, F., Bruckman, V. J., & Pumpanen, J. (2019). Effects of Biochar on Fluxes and Turnover of Carbon in Boreal Forest Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 83(1), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.04.0149

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Zhu, X., Zhu, T., Pumpanen, J., Palviainen, M., Zhou, X., Kulmala, L., Bruckman, V. J., Köster, E., Köster, K., Aaltonen, H., Makita, N., Wang, Y., & Berninger, F. (2020). Short-term effects of biochar on soil CO2 efflux in boreal Scots pine forests. Annals of Forest Science, 77(2), 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-020-00960-2

Literature Cited

​Blanco‐Canqui, H. (2021). Does biochar improve all soil ecosystem services? GCB Bioenergy, 13(2), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12783

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Fakhar, A., Galgo, S. J. C., Canatoy, R. C., Rafique, M., Sarfraz, R., Farooque, A. A., & Khan, M. I. (2025). Advancing modified biochar for sustainable agriculture: A comprehensive review on characterization, analysis, and soil performance. Biochar, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00397-0

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Gross, A., Bromm, T., & Glaser, B. (2021). Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration after Biochar Application: A Global Meta-Analysis. Agronomy, 11(12), 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122474

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He, Y., Zhou, X., Jiang, L., Li, M., Du, Z., Zhou, G., Shao, J., Wang, X., Xu, Z., Hosseini Bai, S., Wallace, H., & Xu, C. (2017). Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes: A meta‐analysis. GCB Bioenergy, 9(4), 743–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12376

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Jeffery, S., Abalos, D., Prodana, M., Bastos, A. C., van Groenigen, J. W., Hungate, B. A., & Verheijen, F. (2017). Biochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields. Environmental Research Letters, 12(5), 053001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa67bd

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Jia, X., Yan, W., Yang, J., Chen, W., Ma, H., Chen, X., Liu, J., Zhong, Y., & Shangguan, Z. (2023). Global patterns and controls of soil <scp>greenhouse gas</scp> fluxes and crop yield under biochar application. Land Degradation & Development, 34(17), 5622–5634. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4868

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Joseph, S., Cowie, A. L., Van Zwieten, L., Bolan, N., Budai, A., Buss, W., Cayuela, M. L., Graber, E. R., Ippolito, J. A., Kuzyakov, Y., Luo, Y., Ok, Y. S., Palansooriya, K. N., Shepherd, J., Stephens, S., Weng, Z. (Han), & Lehmann, J. (2021). How biochar works, and when it doesn’t: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. GCB Bioenergy, 13(11), 1731–1764. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12885

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Li, X., Wu, D., Liu, X., Huang, Y., Cai, A., Xu, H., Ran, J., Xiao, J., & Zhang, W. (2024). A global dataset of biochar application effects on crop yield, soil properties, and greenhouse gas emissions. Scientific Data, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02867-9

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Lyu, H., Zhang, H., Chu, M., Zhang, C., Tang, J., Chang, S. X., Mašek, O., & Ok, Y. S. (2022). Biochar affects greenhouse gas emissions in various environments: A critical review. Land Degradation & Development, 33(17), 3327–3342. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4405

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Mercer, G. D., Mickan, B. S., Gleeson, D. B., Walker, E., Krohn, C., Bühlmann, C. H., & Ryan, M. H. (2025). Probing the pump: Soil carbon dynamics, microbial carbon use efficiency and community composition in response to stoichiometrically-balanced compost and biochar. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 109770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109770

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Mosa, A., Mansour, M. M., Soliman, E., El-Ghamry, A., El Alfy, M., & El Kenawy, A. M. (2023). Biochar as a Soil Amendment for Restraining Greenhouse Gases Emission and Improving Soil Carbon Sink: Current Situation and Ways Forward. Sustainability, 15(2), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021206

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Palansooriya, K. N., Dissanayake, P. D., El-Naggar, A., Gayesha, E., Wijesekara, H., Krishnamoorthy, N., Cai, Y., & Chang, S. X. (2025). Biochar-based controlled-release fertilizers for enhancing plant growth and environmental sustainability: A review. Biology and Fertility of Soils. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-025-01888-3

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Song, X., Pan, G., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2016). Effects of biochar application on fluxes of three biogenic greenhouse gases: A meta‐analysis. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2(2), e01202. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1202

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Wang, J., Xiong, Z., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2016). Biochar stability in soil: Meta‐analysis of decomposition and priming effects. GCB Bioenergy, 8(3), 512–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12266

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Zhang, X., Zhou, Q., Wang, L., Wan, B., & Yang, Q. (2024). How Biochar Addition Affects Denitrification and the Microbial Electron Transport System (ETSA): A Meta-Analysis Based on a Global Scale. Agriculture, 14(12), 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122320

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Zu, H., Deng, Z., Liu, X., Luo, J., Chen, Y., Yi, M., Wang, X., Liang, X., Zhang, X., & Yan, W. (2025). Effects of biochar on soil respiration mediated by rainfall events: Evidence from one-year field experiment in an urban forest. Ecological Processes, 14(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00571-z

​Abbreviation and Unit

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